Civilian-based defense

Civilian-based defense or social defence^[1] describes non-military action by a society or social group, particularly in a context of a sustained campaign against outside attack or dictatorial rule – or preparations for such a campaign in the event of external attack or usurpation. There are various near-synonyms, including "non-violent defence", "civilian defence" and "defence by civil resistance". Whatever term is used, this approach involves preparations for and use of a range of actions – which can be variously called nonviolent resistance and civil resistance – for national defence against invasion, coup d'état and other threats.

Writings about this concept include works by Brigadier General Edward B. Atkeson,^[2] Erica Chenoweth (U.S.) and Maria Stephan (U.S.),^[3] Theodor Ebert (Germany),^[4] Brian Martin (Australia),^[5] Adam Roberts (UK),^[6] Gene Sharp (U.S.),^[7] Heinz Vetschera (Austria),^[8] and others.^[9]

The failed Kapp Putsch in the Weimar Republic was foiled in part by civilian-based defense.^[10] Civilian-based defense was unsuccessfully used against the Soviet Union's Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968.

^ “Social Defence: Nonviolent Community Resistance to Aggression,” Broadsheet published by Canberra Peacemakers, April 1982. Main authors: Sky Hopkins, Brian Martin, Claire Runciman and Frances Sutherland. Reprinted with alterations by the Social Defence Project, Canada, 1983, and Peace News, 1984. Russian version and translation, 1984, prepared by Canberra Peacemakers. This e-version contains a few changes and corrections: https://documents.uow.edu.au/~bmartin/pubs/82sd/; Internet Archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20200529174909/https://documents.uow.edu.au/~bmartin/pubs/82sd/
^ Brigadier General Edward B. Atkeson, “The Relevance of Civilian-Based Defense to US Security Interests” (2 parts), Part I, Military Review, May 1976, pages 24-32. go to: http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p124201coll1/id/328/rec/9 and click on 329.pdf [2.73 MB]. Part 2, Military Review, June 1976, pages 45-55, https://books.google.com/books?id=d7xFqohDcJMC&dq=%22EDWARD+B.+ATKESON%22+%22the+relevance+of+CIVILIAN-BASED+DEFENSE+to+U.S.+security+interests%22&pg=PA45
^ Erica Chenoweth and Maria Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict, Columbia University Press, New York, 2011.
^ See e.g. the various contributions, including Theodor Ebert's, in the volume resulting from a September 1967 conference organized by the Vereinigung Deutscher Wissenschaftler, Tagungsbericht: Civilian Defence -- Gewaltloser Widerstand als Form der Verteidigungspolitik, Bertelsmann Universitätsverlag, Bielefeld, 1969.
^ Jørgen Johansen and Brian Martin. Social defence (Sparsnäs, Sweden: Irene Publishing, 2019); Brian Martin, "Social Defence: Arguments and actions," in Nonviolent Struggle and Social Defence, ed. Shelley Anderson and Janet Larmore. War Resisters' International, London, 1991. [1]
^ Adam Roberts, ed. The Strategy of Civilian Defence: Non-violent Resistance to Aggression, Faber, London, 1967. (Also published as Civilian Resistance as a National Defense, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, USA, 1968; and, with a new Introduction on "Czechoslovakia and Civilian Defence", as Civilian Resistance as a National Defence, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, UK, and Baltimore, USA, 1969. ISBN 0-14-021080-6.
^ Gene Sharp, Social Power and Political Freedom, Porter Sargent, Boston, 1980, pp. 195-261. ISBN 0-87558-093-9 (paperback); and Civilian-based Defence: A Post-military Weapons System, Princeton University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-691-07809-2.
^ Heinz Vetschera, Soziale Verteidigung, Ziviler Widerstand, Immerwährende Neutralität, Wilhelm Braumüller, Vienna, 1978. ISBN 3-7003-0186-3.
^ For example, Anders Boserup and Andy Mack, War Without Weapons: Non-violence in National Defence, Frances Pinter, London, 1974. ISBN 0-903804-03-4 (paperback).
^ A Global Security System: An Alternative to War http://worldbeyondwar.org/executive-summary-global-security-system-alternative-war/

[1] “Social Defence: Nonviolent Community Resistance to Aggression,” Broadsheet published by Canberra Peacemakers, April 1982. Main authors: Sky Hopkins, Brian Martin, Claire Runciman and Frances Sutherland. Reprinted with alterations by the Social Defence Project, Canada, 1983, and Peace News, 1984. Russian version and translation, 1984, prepared by Canberra Peacemakers. This e-version contains a few changes and corrections: https://documents.uow.edu.au/~bmartin/pubs/82sd/; Internet Archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20200529174909/https://documents.uow.edu.au/~bmartin/pubs/82sd/

[2] Brigadier General Edward B. Atkeson, “The Relevance of Civilian-Based Defense to US Security Interests” (2 parts), Part I, Military Review, May 1976, pages 24-32. go to: http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p124201coll1/id/328/rec/9 and click on 329.pdf [2.73 MB]. Part 2, Military Review, June 1976, pages 45-55, https://books.google.com/books?id=d7xFqohDcJMC&dq=%22EDWARD+B.+ATKESON%22+%22the+relevance+of+CIVILIAN-BASED+DEFENSE+to+U.S.+security+interests%22&pg=PA45

[3] Erica Chenoweth and Maria Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict, Columbia University Press, New York, 2011.

[4] See e.g. the various contributions, including Theodor Ebert's, in the volume resulting from a September 1967 conference organized by the Vereinigung Deutscher Wissenschaftler, Tagungsbericht: Civilian Defence -- Gewaltloser Widerstand als Form der Verteidigungspolitik, Bertelsmann Universitätsverlag, Bielefeld, 1969.

[5] Jørgen Johansen and Brian Martin. Social defence (Sparsnäs, Sweden: Irene Publishing, 2019); Brian Martin, "Social Defence: Arguments and actions," in Nonviolent Struggle and Social Defence, ed. Shelley Anderson and Janet Larmore. War Resisters' International, London, 1991. [1]

[6] Adam Roberts, ed. The Strategy of Civilian Defence: Non-violent Resistance to Aggression, Faber, London, 1967. (Also published as Civilian Resistance as a National Defense, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, USA, 1968; and, with a new Introduction on "Czechoslovakia and Civilian Defence", as Civilian Resistance as a National Defence, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, UK, and Baltimore, USA, 1969. ISBN 0-14-021080-6.

[7] Gene Sharp, Social Power and Political Freedom, Porter Sargent, Boston, 1980, pp. 195-261. ISBN 0-87558-093-9 (paperback); and Civilian-based Defence: A Post-military Weapons System, Princeton University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-691-07809-2.

[8] Heinz Vetschera, Soziale Verteidigung, Ziviler Widerstand, Immerwährende Neutralität, Wilhelm Braumüller, Vienna, 1978. ISBN 3-7003-0186-3.

[9] For example, Anders Boserup and Andy Mack, War Without Weapons: Non-violence in National Defence, Frances Pinter, London, 1974. ISBN 0-903804-03-4 (paperback).

[10] A Global Security System: An Alternative to War http://worldbeyondwar.org/executive-summary-global-security-system-alternative-war/

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